# Clogh Lower, Co. Wicklow: townland, land parcels and planning

Townland in the civil parish of Baltinglass, barony of Talbotstown Upper, Co. Wicklow; in Irish An Chloch Íochtarach.

- Area (Tailte Éireann): 1,198,470 m² (119.85 ha, 296.15 acres)
- Land parcels (Tailte Éireann): 61 registered freehold parcels lie mostly in it, median 1,653 m²
- Zoning (national zoning, MyPlan): R1 New Residential, the zone with the most parcels
- Planning (National Planning Applications): 13 applications since 2010
- Civil parish: Baltinglass, https://everytownland.com/wicklow/parish/baltinglass.md
- Barony: Talbotstown Upper
- Electoral division: Baltinglass, the unit of the census
- Census 2022 (Central Statistics Office): 3,029 people lived in 1,075 households in the Baltinglass electoral division. 64% of households owned their home. 45% of homes were built since 2001. 7% of dwellings stood vacant on census night, and 0% were holiday homes.
- County: Co. Wicklow, https://everytownland.com/wicklow.md
- Placenames Database of Ireland: https://www.logainm.ie/en/54595
- Townland number at Tailte Éireann: 250494
- Centre: latitude 52.927122, longitude -6.702561 (WGS 84)

## Land parcels (registered freehold land, Tailte Éireann)

61 registered freehold parcels lie mostly in Clogh Lower, from 15 m² to 326,516 m² (32.65 ha, 80.68 acres); 31 neighbouring parcels touch its boundary. Largest first:

- Parcel 1268744: 326,516 m² (32.65 ha, 80.68 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1268744.md
- Parcel 1268745: 271,983 m² (27.2 ha, 67.21 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1268745.md
- Parcel 1283526: 98,783 m² (9.88 ha, 24.41 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1283526.md
- Parcel 1272685: 88,752 m² (8.88 ha, 21.93 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1272685.md
- Parcel 4824732: 71,948 m² (7.19 ha, 17.78 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/4824732.md
- Parcel 1268765: 55,668 m² (5.57 ha, 13.76 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1268765.md
- Parcel 1288631: 45,122 m² (4.51 ha, 11.15 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1288631.md
- Parcel 4824735: 43,992 m² (4.4 ha, 10.87 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/4824735.md
- Parcel 4824734: 36,666 m² (3.67 ha, 9.06 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/4824734.md
- Parcel 1257786: 13,189 m² (1.32 ha, 3.26 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1257786.md
- Parcel 1266922: 12,905 m² (1.29 ha, 3.19 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1266922.md
- Parcel 5581512: 8,434 m² (0.84 ha, 2.08 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/5581512.md
- Parcel 1268748: 7,895 m² (0.79 ha, 1.95 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1268748.md
- Parcel 1248485: 3,947 m² (0.39 ha, 0.98 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1248485.md
- Parcel 1264558: 3,688 m² (0.37 ha, 0.91 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1264558.md
- Parcel 1264389: 3,482 m² (0.35 ha, 0.86 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1264389.md
- Parcel 4689609: 3,155 m² (0.32 ha, 0.78 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/4689609.md
- Parcel 1264204: 2,810 m² (0.28 ha, 0.69 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1264204.md
- Parcel 1277927: 2,784 m² (0.28 ha, 0.69 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1277927.md
- Parcel 1295099: 2,703 m² (0.27 ha, 0.67 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1295099.md
- Parcel 1264003: 2,612 m² (0.26 ha, 0.65 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1264003.md
- Parcel 5818569: 2,599 m² (0.26 ha, 0.64 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/5818569.md
- Parcel 1290588: 2,361 m² (0.24 ha, 0.58 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1290588.md
- Parcel 1298472: 2,350 m² (0.24 ha, 0.58 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1298472.md
- Parcel 4824736: 2,266 m² (0.23 ha, 0.56 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/4824736.md
- Parcel 1287908: 2,258 m² (0.23 ha, 0.56 acres), https://everytownland.com/parcel/1287908.md
- Parcel 1283035: 1,959 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1283035.md
- Parcel 1267866: 1,755 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1267866.md
- Parcel 5728072: 1,711 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/5728072.md
- Parcel 4689608: 1,680 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/4689608.md
- Parcel 5581516: 1,653 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/5581516.md
- Parcel 1284488: 1,447 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1284488.md
- Parcel 5818622: 1,441 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/5818622.md
- Parcel 1264696: 1,033 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1264696.md
- Parcel 1264300: 997 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1264300.md
- Parcel 1268920: 943 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1268920.md
- Parcel 5818610: 728 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/5818610.md
- Parcel 1257785: 648 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1257785.md
- Parcel 1288775: 537 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1288775.md
- Parcel 5818584: 528 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/5818584.md
- Parcel 1290722: 476 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1290722.md
- Parcel 1267330: 426 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1267330.md
- Parcel 4951428: 384 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/4951428.md
- Parcel 1282460: 378 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1282460.md
- Parcel 5818614: 361 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/5818614.md
- Parcel 1265263: 284 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1265263.md
- Parcel 1291338: 242 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1291338.md
- Parcel 1295263: 231 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1295263.md
- Parcel 1266717: 216 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1266717.md
- Parcel 1289892: 204 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1289892.md
- Parcel 5818590: 194 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/5818590.md
- Parcel 1295110: 187 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1295110.md
- Parcel 4824741: 126 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/4824741.md
- Parcel 1266320: 122 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1266320.md
- Parcel 1290963: 113 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1290963.md
- Parcel 1266362: 101 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1266362.md
- Parcel 1263350: 77 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1263350.md
- Parcel 1277921: 69 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/1277921.md
- Parcel 5818580: 52 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/5818580.md
- Parcel 4951426: 15 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/4951426.md
- Parcel 4951430: 15 m², https://everytownland.com/parcel/4951430.md

## Zoning (national zoning of development plans, MyPlan)

- R1 New Residential (New/proposed residential): Baltinglass Town Plan, Wicklow; 4 parcels. The zoning objective in the plan: https://www.wicklow.ie/Portals/0/adam/Documents/nhadzQtNTU-G864anbMGag/Link/Level%204%20Baltinglass%20Town%20Plan%202022%20-%202028.pdf
- C2.1 Employment (Industrial, enterprise, employment): Baltinglass Town Plan, Wicklow; 4 parcels. The zoning objective in the plan: https://www.wicklow.ie/Portals/0/adam/Documents/nhadzQtNTU-G864anbMGag/Link/Level%204%20Baltinglass%20Town%20Plan%202022%20-%202028.pdf
- G3 Passive Open Space (Conservation, amenity or buffer space, corridor/belt, landscape): Baltinglass Town Plan, Wicklow; 2 parcels. The zoning objective in the plan: https://www.wicklow.ie/Portals/0/adam/Documents/nhadzQtNTU-G864anbMGag/Link/Level%204%20Baltinglass%20Town%20Plan%202022%20-%202028.pdf
- G4 Active Open Space (Active open space): Baltinglass Town Plan, Wicklow; 1 parcel. The zoning objective in the plan: https://www.wicklow.ie/Portals/0/adam/Documents/nhadzQtNTU-G864anbMGag/Link/Level%204%20Baltinglass%20Town%20Plan%202022%20-%202028.pdf
- G1 Open Space (Open space, park): Baltinglass Town Plan, Wicklow; 0 parcels. The zoning objective in the plan: https://www.wicklow.ie/Portals/0/adam/Documents/nhadzQtNTU-G864anbMGag/Link/Level%204%20Baltinglass%20Town%20Plan%202022%20-%202028.pdf

## Planning applications whose site touches the townland (National Planning Applications, Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage)

13 applications, newest first.

- 30 Jan 2026, Wicklow County Council 2660063: Conditional. Permission. construct a dormer style dwelling house, domestic garage, new site entrance, to connect to public mains services, all ancillary site works and services. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2660063/0
- 22 Oct 2025, Wicklow County Council 2560844: Conditional. Permission. 14 no. dwelling units as follows: 4 no. 2 bedroom end-of-terrace dwellings (Type A1), 5 no. 2 bedroom mid-terrace dwellings (Type A2), 3 no. 3 bedroom mid-terrace dwellings (Type A3), and 2 no. 2 bedroom end-of-terrace dwellings (Type A4) together with a new entrance servicing the proposed development, new ancillary internal access road, infrastructure, landscaping and all associated site works. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560844/0
- 14 Mar 2022, Wicklow County Council 22235: Conditional. Retention. to retain attic space as constructed to existing dwelling house including velux windows to the rear and side as constructed under PL Ref 99/1533, all ancillary site works and services. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/22235/0
- 10 Sept 2021, Wicklow County Council 211117: Conditional. Permission, 89 homes. the development consists of 92 no. dwelling units and creche as follows: 4 no. 4 bedroom semi detached dwellings (Type A1), 4 no. 4 bedroom semi-detached dwellings (Type A2), 34 no. 3 bedroom semi detached dwellings ( Type B1), 17 no. 2 bedroom end terrace dwellings ( Type C1), 11 no. 2 bedroom mid terrace dwellings (Type C2), 11 no. 3 bedroom mid terrace dwellings (Type C3), 3 no. 3 bedroom mid terrace dwellings (Type C4), 4 no. 1 bedroom ground floor apartments (Type D1), 4 no. 1 bedroom first floor apartments ( Type D2), and a two storey creche together with a new entrance servicing the proposed development and future lands off the N81, new ancillary internal access roads, infrastructure, landscaping and boundary treatments, new connection to existing sewer to the east of the site including pipe jacking of new sewer line under the Slaney River and all associated site works. An NIS will be submitted to the Planning Authority with this application. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/211117/0
- 27 Apr 2020, Wicklow County Council 20393: N/a. Permission, 47 homes. 47 no. dwelling units as follows: 1 no. 5 bedroom detached dwelling, 4 no. 4 bedroom detached dwelling, 16 no. 3 bedroom semi-detached dwellings, 12 no. 3 bedroom end-terrace dwellings, 12 no. 2 bedroom mid-terrace dwellings, and 2 no. 3 bedroom detached dwellings together with a new entrance servicing the dwellings off the N81, new ancillary internal access roads, infrastructure, landscaping and boundary treatment, new connection to existing sewer including pipe jacking of new sewer line under the Slaney River and all associated site works. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/20393/0
- 13 Mar 2020, Wicklow County Council 20258: N/a. Permission. 47 no dwelling unit as follows 1 no 5 bedroom detached dwelling, 4 no 4 bedroom detached dwelling, 16 no 3 bedroom semi detached dwellings, 12 no 3 bedroom end terrace dwellings, 12 no 2 bedroom mid terrace dwellings and 2 no 3 bedroom detached dwellings together with a new entrance servicing the dwellings off the N81, new ancillary internal access roads, infrastructure, landscaping and boundary treatment, new connection to existing sewer including pipe jacking of new sewer line under the Slaney River and all associated site works. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/20258/0
- 23 Jul 2019, Wicklow County Council 19793: N/a. Permission, 1 home. 49 no dwelling units. A new entrance servicing 25 dwellings is proposed off the N81 and the remaining 24 dwellings will be serviced by the existing entrance granted under planning reference 18/916. The 49 no dwelling units are as follows: 6 no 4 bedroom detached dwelling, 24 no 3 bedroom semi detached dwellings, 1 no 5 bedroom detached dwelling, 8 no 3 bedroom end terrace dwellings, 8 no 2 bedroom mid terrace dwellings and 2 no 3 bedroom detached dwellings together with new ancillary internal access roads, infrastructure, landscaping and boundary treatment, new connection to existing sewer including pipe jacking of new sewer line under the Slaney River and all associated site works. Construction connects to a previously granted planning application granted under Planning References Numbers 17/764 and 18/916. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/19793/0
- 11 Apr 2019, Wicklow County Council 19394: N/a. Permission, 1 home. 49 no dwelling units as follows: 6 no 4 bedroom detached dwellings, 24 no 3 bed semi detached dwellings, 1 no 3 bedroom detched dwellings, 8 no3 bedroom end terrace dwellings, 8 no 2 bedroom mid terrace dwellings and 2 no 3 bedroom detached dwellings together with new ancillary internal access roads, infrastructure, landscaping and boundary treatment, new connection to existing sewer including pipe jacking of new sewer line under the Slaney River and all associated site works. Construction connects to a previously granted planning application granted under Ref Number 17/764 and 18/916. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/19394/0
- 13 Aug 2018, Wicklow County Council 18916: Conditional. Permission. modifications to previously granted planning permission (Reg Ref 17/764). The modifications consist of (a) redesign and relocation of crèche to comply with the requirements of Wicklow County Childcare Committee (b) construction of a designed pocket park retaining existing trees to the lands adjoining the crèche (c) minor adjustment to the internal road network to accommodate the new pocket park and relocation of dwellings (d) removal of 12 no dwellings units as follows: 2 no house type D (5 bedroom detached dwellings), 4 no house type B (4 bedroom semi detached dwellings) 2 no house type C (3 bedroom semi detached dwellings, 2 no house type E (3 bedroom end terrace dwellings) and replacement with 12 no dwelling units as follows: 4 no house type C (3 bedroom semi detached dwellings), 1 no house type E (3 bedroom end terrace dwellings), 2 no house type E1 (2 bedroom mid terrace dwellings), 1 no house type E2 (3 bedroom end terrace dwellings) and 4 no house type H (3 bedroom semi detached dwellings). Note: this application has no change to the number of dwellings on site. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/18916/0
- 27 Jul 2018, Wicklow County Council 18863: N/a. Permission. modification to previously granted planning permission (17/764), the modifications consist of (a) redesign and relocation of crèche to comply with the requirements of Wicklow County Childcare Committee (b) designed pocket park retaining existing trees to the lands adjoining the crèche (c) minor adjustment to the internal road network to accommodate the new pocket park and relocation of dwellings (d) removal and replacement of 12 dwelling units as follows: removal of 2 no house type D 95 bedroom detached dwellings), 4 no house type B (4 bedroom semi detached dwellings), 2 no house type C (3 bedroom semi detached dwellings), 4 no house type E (terrace with 2 no 2 bedroom dwellings and 2 no 3 bedroom dwellings) and replacing with 4 no house type C (3 bedroom semi detached dwelling), 4 no house type E (terrace with 2 no 2 bedroom dwellings and 2 no 3 bedroom dwellings) with 4 no house type H (3 bedroom semi detached dwelling). Note: this application has no change in the number of houses on site. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/18863/0
- 27 Jun 2017, Wicklow County Council 17764: Conditional. Permission, 1 home. construction of 98 dwelling houses consisting of 8 no 4 bedroom detached dwellings, 24 no 4 bedroom semi detached dwellings, 5 no 3 bedroom semi detached dwellings and 16 no 5 bedroom detached dwellings, together with a new access off the N81 and all ancillary internal access roads, infrastructure, landscaping and boundary treatment, connection to existing wastewater system and all associated site works. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/17764/0
- 19 May 2017, Wicklow County Council 17572: N/a. Permission, 1 home. construction of 98 dwelling houses consisting of 8 no 4 bedroom detached dwellings, 24 no 4 bedroom semi detached dwellings, 50 no 3 bedroom semi detached dwellings and 16 no 5 bedroom detached dwellings togetehr with a new access off the N.81 and all ancillary internal access roads, infrastructure, landscaping and boundary treatment, connection to existing wastewater treatment system and all associated site works. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/17572/0
- 8 May 2017, Wicklow County Council 17512: N/a. Permission. 98 dwelling houses consisting of 8 no 4 bedroom detached dwellings, 24 no 4 bedroom semi detached dwellings, 50 no 3 bedroom semi detached dwellings and 16 no 4 bedroom detached dwellings, together with a new access off the N.81 and all ancillary internal access roads, infrastructure, landscaping and boundary treatment, connection to existing wastewater system and all associated site works. File: https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/17512/0

Applicants are not shown.

## Designated sites (National Parks and Wildlife Service)

- Special Area of Conservation: Slaney River Valley SAC, site code 000781, https://www.npws.ie/protected-sites/sac/000781

## Recorded monuments (Sites and Monuments Record, National Monuments Service)

- WI027-048: Ringfort - unclassified, https://heritagedata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=0c9eb9575b544081b0d296436d8f60f8&query=18a4b61b268-layer-9%2CSMRS%2CWI027-048----. Situated on a gentle E-facing edge of a N-S ridge. Oval enclosure (dims. c. 60m N-S x 50m E-W) marked on 1907 OS 6-inch map. Not visible at ground level. The above description is derived from the published 'Archaeological Inventory of County Wicklow' (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1997). In certain instances the entries have been revised and updated in the light of recent research. Date of upload/revision: 17 December 2008
- WI027-060: Enclosure, https://heritagedata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=0c9eb9575b544081b0d296436d8f60f8&query=18a4b61b268-layer-9%2CSMRS%2CWI027-060----. Situated on a gentle E-facing slope. Shown on the 1838 OS 6-inch map as a circular enclosure (max. diam. c. 45m). Price (1949, 131) states that the field in which it had stood was known as the reiligin, indicating the presence of a burial ground. The above description is derived from the published 'Archaeological Inventory of County Wicklow' (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1997). In certain instances the entries have been revised and updated in the light of recent research. Date of upload/revision: 17 December 2008
- WI027-075: Ringfort - rath, https://heritagedata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=0c9eb9575b544081b0d296436d8f60f8&query=18a4b61b268-layer-9%2CSMRS%2CWI027-075----. Situated on a gentle NE-facing slope. Approximately circular raised area (dims. 35m NE-SW; 30m NW-SE; H of interior over ground level c. 0.6m) defined by a bank at the W and N (Wth 4m; H 1.8-2.3m), a wide external fosse (min. Wth 2m) at the W and E, and an outer bank (H 2.2m) from E-SE. At the S the perimeter is defined by a field boundary. There is a ramp (Wth 6m) through the fosse at the E, possibly the original entrance. Possibly identifiable with the enclosure (WI027-060----) mentioned by Price (1949, 131). The above description is derived from the published 'Archaeological Inventory of County Wicklow' (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1997). In certain instances the entries have been revised and updated in the light of recent research. Date of upload/revision: 17 December 2008

Works at or in relation to a recorded monument need two months' written notice to the National Monuments Service (National Monuments (Amendment) Act 1994, section 12).

## Architectural heritage (National Inventory of Architectural Heritage)

No building of the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage stands in the townland of Clogh Lower.

## Ground and risks (Radon Risk Map of Ireland, EPA; Landslide Susceptibility Classification and LiDAR, Geological Survey Ireland)

- Radon: at the centre of the townland of Clogh Lower, about 1 in 5 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels. Testing a home: https://www.epa.ie/environment-and-you/radon/radon-testing/#d.en.82887
- Landslides: The 1:50,000 map rates the landslide susceptibility here as moderately low, low, partly inferred.
- Terrain model: LiDAR of the Office of Public Works, flown in 2011, at 2 m: tile OPW_2730, https://gsi.geodata.gov.ie/downloads/LiDAR/OPW_NASC/OPW_2730.zip (ZIP).
- Flooding: the flood maps of the Office of Public Works, https://www.floodinfo.ie/map/floodmaps/, linked only: their licence does not allow re-use.

LiDAR: contains Irish Public Sector Data (Geological Survey Ireland & the Office of Public Works) licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.

## Downloads

- DXF, in Irish Transverse Mercator metres, with its boundary, parcels and buildings, for a drawing program: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/clogh-lower.dxf
- GeoJSON, in WGS 84, for a map: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/clogh-lower.geojson
- KML, for Google Earth: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/clogh-lower.kml

## Homes sold (Residential Property Price Register)

No address of the register names Clogh Lower with five sales or more. The sales of the area are on the page of Co. Wicklow: https://everytownland.com/wicklow.md

## Neighbouring townlands (National Statutory Boundaries, Tailte Éireann)

- Baltinglass East: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/baltinglass-east.md
- Bawnoge: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/bawnoge-250363.md
- Clogh Upper: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/clogh-upper.md
- Cloghcastle: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/cloghcastle.md
- Lathaleere: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/lathaleere.md
- Newtownsaunders: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/newtownsaunders.md

A townland is the smallest land division of Ireland, and the unit of a rural address; old registers such as the 1901 and 1911 censuses file it under its civil parish and barony.

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Everytownland reads the registered freehold land and the statutory boundaries of Tailte Éireann, the national zoning, planning file and heritage records of the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, and the Residential Property Price Register. A parcel is the land of a title, not an address. The owner's name is in the Land Registry of Tailte Éireann: a copy of the folio can be ordered on landdirect.ie, for a fee; this site names no owner. A price is the price recorded for a past sale, not a valuation.

Sources: Cadastral Parcels Freehold, Townlands, Civil Parishes, Baronies, Electoral Divisions and Buildings, Tailte Éireann, CC BY 4.0; national zoning of development plans (GZT, MyPlan) and National Planning Applications, Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, CC BY 4.0, applicants not shown; designated sites, National Parks and Wildlife Service, CC BY 4.0; Sites and Monuments Record, National Monuments Service, CC BY 4.0; National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, CC BY 4.0; Residential Property Price Register, Property Services Regulatory Authority, re-used with the source acknowledged.

- Page: https://everytownland.com/wicklow/clogh-lower
- In JSON: https://everytownland.com/api/townland/wicklow/clogh-lower