Outrath
Townland in the civil parish of Outrath, barony of Shillelogher, Co. Kilkenny; in Irish Uachtar Rátha
- Area
- 214.7 ha
- 531 acres
- Land parcels
- 60
- registered freehold, median 3,160 m² (0.32 ha, 0.78 acres)
- Zoning
- C3
- Industrial/Technology Park
- Planning
- 23
- applications since 2010
Land parcels
Registered freehold land, Tailte Éireann
60 registered freehold parcels lie mostly in Outrath, from 103 m² to 502,288 m² (50.23 ha, 124.12 acres). The dashed line is the townland's boundary; 26 neighbouring parcels touch it.
Download the townland: DXF, in Irish Transverse Mercator metres, with its boundary, parcels and buildings; GeoJSON or KML.
Zoning
Development plans, national zoning
- C3Industrial/Technology Park (Office, business/technology park and related)
Kilkenny City and County Development Plan 2021-2027, Kilkenny · 2 parcels The zoning objective in the plan
Source: Tailte Éireann and the Department of Housing (MyPlan), national zoning, CC BY 4.0.
Planning applications
Sites that touch the townland, newest first
20 Aug 2026N/a
to construct an extension to front of dwelling, adjustments to window and door openings and all other associated site works
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 2660528
8 Jun 2026N/a
FOR THE INSTALLATION OF 600 KWp (2,636M2) OF GROUND MOUNTED SOLAR PV ARRAY AND ASSOCIATED SITE WORKS AND SERVICES. THE GROUND MOUNTED PV ARRAY WILL BE INSTALLED OVER TWO (2) NUMBER PHASES. PHASE 1, WHICH WILL CONSIST OF 300.12KW OF GROUND MOUNTED SOLAR PV, AND WILL OFFSET KCETB’S MANDATED SUSTAINABILITY AND DECARBONISATION CLIMATE ACTION PLAN TARGETS, (1,318.2M2). PHASE 2, WILL ALSO CONSIST OF ANOTHER 300.12KW OF GROUND MOUNTED SOLAR PV (1,318M2). IT IS ENVISAGED THAT PHASE 2 WILL COMMENCE OVER THE COMING FIVE (5) YEARS. INCLUDED IN THIS APPLICATION IS A LANDSCAPE & VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LVIA), A GLINT & GLARE ASSESSMENT, & A LANDSCAPE MITIGATION PLAN. This development is covered by the provisions of the Renewable Energy Directive III (Directive (EU) 2023/2413) and it is important to note that the planning application may be subject to section 34D of the Planning and Development Act 2000, as amended. When a notice issues in accordance with section 34D(b), the provisions of article 26A of the Planning and Development Regulations 2001 to 2025 shall apply
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 2660346
8 Apr 2026N/a
for 1. The construction of a new dormer detached dwelling house, new proprietary wastewater treatment system and percolation area, a new site entrance, and all associated site works. 2. The decommissioning of an existing septic tank and the installation of a replacement upgraded wastewater treatment system and percolation area and all associated site works to serve the adjoining property to the east owned by Liz and Pat Parle.
Permission, 1 home · Kilkenny County Council, 2660208
3 Apr 2026N/a
FOR THE INSTALLATION OF 600 KWp (2,636M2) OF GROUND MOUNTED SOLAR PV ARRAY AND ASSOCIATED SITE WORKS AND SERVICES. THE GROUND MOUNTED PV ARRAY WILL BE INSTALLED OVER TWO (2) NUMBER PHASES. PHASE 1, WHICH WILL CONSIST OF 300.12KW OF GROUND MOUNTED SOLAR PV, AND WILL OFFSET KCETB’S MANDATED SUSTAINABILITY AND DECARBONISATION CLIMATE ACTION PLAN TARGETS, (1,318.2M2). PHASE 2, WILL ALSO CONSIST OF ANOTHER 300.12KW OF GROUND MOUNTED SOLAT PV (1,318M2). IT IS ENVISAGED THAT PHASE 2 WILL COMMENCE OVER THE COMING FIVE (5) YEARS. INCLUDED IN THIS APPLICATION IS A LANDSCAPE & VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LVIA), A GLINT & GLARE ASSESSMENT, & A LANDSCAPE MITIGATION PLAN.
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 2660198
29 Jan 2026Unconditional
of P21/682
Extension of duration · Kilkenny County Council, 269
2 Dec 2025Conditional
for the erection of a 2.4m high palisade boundary fence and all associated site works.
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 2560773
2 Dec 2025Conditional
for: (A) Proposed two storey side and single storey rear extension to existing two storey detached dwelling. (B) Elevational changes to existing dwelling. Including all associated site works.
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 2560774
10 Nov 2025Conditional
to construct a slatted effluent tank for soiled water, pumping chamber, pump house and all ancillary site works
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 2560718
16 Apr 2024Conditional
for a garage / store and all associated site works
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 2460175
5 Feb 2024N/a
for the importation of 15,000 tonnes of fill material consisting of inert clean soils, stone, brick and concrete to create new ground levels to facilitate approved development granted under planning register number 21/915
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 2460046
5 Nov 2021Conditional
to construct new milking parlour, dairy, wash room, store, meal bin, outdoor milk silo, dairy holding yard, underground dairy effluent tanks, Slatted cubicle house complete with slatted underground tanks, canopy, barriers, cubicles, scraped passages with caving boxes and all ancillary site works
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 21915
7 Sept 2021N/a
to construct new milking parlour, dairy, wash room, store, meal bin, outdoor milk silo, dairy holding yard, underground dairy effluent tanks, Slatted Cubicle house complete with slatted underground tanks, canopy, barriers, cubicles, scraped passages and all ancillary site works
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 21758
10 Aug 2021Conditional
for a Proposed new single storey & storey and a half dwelling, proposed vehicular entrance, proposed garage, driveway, borewell, wastewater treatment system with percolation area, stormwater soakways, landscaping and all associated site works
Permission, 1 home · Kilkenny County Council, 21682
20 Dec 2019Conditional
to construct a two storey dwelling house, single storey domestic garage, provision of a new treatment plant and percolation area, new vehicular site entrance and all associated site developments works
Permission, 1 home · Kilkenny County Council, 19962
15 Oct 2019Conditional
for construction of two storey dwelling house, domestic garage, foul effluent treatment system and percolation area, vehicular entrance and all associated site works
Permission, 1 home · Kilkenny County Council, 19763
17 Jan 2019Refused
is hereby sought for construction of two storey dwelling house, domestic garage, foul effluent treatment system and percolation area, vehicular entrance and all associated works
Permission, 1 home · Kilkenny County Council, 1914
20 Feb 2018Conditional
to construct a domestic garage and associated works at
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 18108
18 Dec 2017Conditional
to demolish the existing garage (19sq.m) to the side of the existing dormer style dwelling house to construct a new two storey and single storey extension tot he rear and side of the existing dwelling house, to refurbish the existing dwelling house including minor alterations of doors and windows and to upgrade the existing septic tank with a sewage treatment system and polishing filter with puraflow 2 module tertiary treatment system and associated siteworks
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 17837
29 May 2017Conditional
to demolish old cattle sheds and replace them with a single mixed use agricultural shed with site development works. The gross floor area of sheds to be demolished is 666 sq. m. The gross floor area of the new shed will be 666 sq. m. Permission is also sought for the extension to an existing mixed use agricultural shed . Area of extension is 437 sq. m.
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 17348
29 Mar 2017Conditional
for the construction of a two-storey dwelling (298sq2), onsite effluent treatment system, new site entrance and all associated drainage and site infrastructure works
Permission, 1 home · Kilkenny County Council, 17202
28 Mar 2017Conditional
for the construction of a storey and half type dwelling house, single storey garage, on site waste water treatment system, connection to existing water mains, new site entrance, new site boundaries and all associated site development works
Permission, 1 home · Kilkenny County Council, 17187
21 Mar 2017Conditional
Permission consequent on the grant of outline permission ref: 16/726 to construct a 2 storey dwelling, garage, entrance, waste treatment system with percolation area, connection to mains water supply, soakpits and all other associated site works
Permission consequent, 1 home · Kilkenny County Council, 17170
8 Mar 2017N/a
for the construction of a two-storey dwelling (298m), onsite effluent treatment system, new site entrance and all associated drainage and site infrastructure works
Permission · Kilkenny County Council, 17138
Source: National Planning Applications, Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, CC BY 4.0. Applicants are not shown.
Nature and heritage
Designated sites and recorded monuments
Designated sites
No designated site (Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area, Natural Heritage Area or proposed one) touches the townland of Outrath.
Recorded monuments
- KK019-042001 Enclosure
Description
One of three enclosures identified as cropmarks on an aerial photograph (CUCAP BGG026, 16 July 1971). This circular enclosure (diam. c. 40m) is also visible, with a distinct external fosse, on aerial photographs (ASIAP (273) 14-15, 2 December 2001) and on satellite imagery (Google Earth Pro, 27 January 2019). There is a ring-ditch (KK019-042002-) c. 70m to the NE and another enclosure (KK019-042003-) c. 80m to the NNE. See attached: KK019-042001-_01 aerial photograph CUCAP BGG026, 16 July 1971 KK019-042001-_02 satellite image Google Earth Pro, 27 January 2019 Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 6 October 2020
- KK019-042002 Ring-ditch
Description
One of three enclosures identified as cropmarks on an aerial photograph (CUCAP BGG026, 16 July 1971). This ring-ditch consists of a circular fosse (diam. c. 10m). There is an enclosure (KK019-042001-) c. 70m to the SW and another enclosure (KK019-042003-) c. 30m to the N. See attached: KK019-042002-_01 aerial photograph CUCAP BGG026, 16 July 1971 Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 6 October 2020
- KK019-043 Enclosure - large enclosure
Description
A large roughly circular enclosure (diam. c. 70m). The SE edge of the monument is partially truncated by a small road or boreen, running NE-SW, which is indicated on the 1st (1839-40) ed. OS 6-inch map. A small pond is indicated immediately ESE of the enclosure. A field boundary runs roughly E-W up to the N sector and another runs NE-SW up to the W sector. Another pond is indicated on the NNW edge of the enclosure on the 1945-6 revision of the 6-inch map. On satellite imagery the interior is under grass and there are some trees and scrub growing around the perimeter, except in the NW quadrant where the perimeter appears to be levelled. There is another enclosure (KK019-044----) c. 140m to the S and conjoined enclosures (KK019-045----; KK019-130----) c. 300m to the SE. Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 6 October 2020
- KK019-044 Enclosure
Description
A circular enclosure (diam. c. 35m) indicated on the 2nd (1945-6) ed. OS 6-inch map and though not indicated on the 1st (1839-40) ed. it was located in a small area of woodland. On satellite imagery the monument appears to be largely levelled, though there is some indication of an external fosse and the perimeter in the SE sector has been left fallow. There is a large enclosure (KK019-043----) c. 140m to the N and conjoined enclosures (KK019-045----; KK019-130----) c. 260m to the E. Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 6 October 2020
- KK019-045 Enclosure
Description
Identified as the northernmost of two conjoined enclosures on an aerial photograph (CUCAP BGG028, 16 July 1971) and also visible on a later aerial photograph (GB89.P.23, 13 July 1989). The S enclosure (KK019-130----) is possibly later as it appears to be encroaching into the S sector of the N enclosure. Since 1989 both monuments have been levelled, as have the field boundaries to the N and E. There is a large enclosure (KK019-043----) c. 300m to the NW and another enclosure (KK019-044----) c. 260m to the W. See attached aerial photograph CUCAP BGG028, 16 July 1971 Compiled by: Jean Farrelly and Dr. Gillian Barrett for the Archaeological Survey of Ireland. Date of revised upload: 6 October 2020
- KK019-130 Enclosure
Description
Identified as the southernmost of two conjoined enclosures on an aerial photograph (CUCAP BGG028, 16 July 1971) and also visible on a later aerial photograph (GB89.P.23, 13 July 1989). This enclosure is possibly later as it appears to be encroaching into the S sector of the N enclosure (KK019-045----). Since 1989 both monuments have been levelled, as have the field boundaries to the N and E. There is a large enclosure (KK019-043----) c. 300m to the NW and another enclosure (KK019-044----) c. 260m to the W. See attached aerial photograph CUCAP BGG028, 16 July 1971 Compiled by: Jean Farrelly and Dr. Gillian Barrett for the Archaeological Survey of Ireland. Date of revised upload: 6 October 2020
- KK019-150 Enclosure
Description
A roughly circular enclosure (diam. c. 32m N-S; c. 38m E-W), defined by a fosse which is visible as a cropmark on satellite imagery (Google Earth satellite imagery © 2023; imagery date 25 April 2021). It is conjoined with a larger enclosure (KK019-042001-) immediately to the S. There is a ring-ditch (KK019-042002-) c. 70m to the WNW and another enclosure (KK019-042003-) c. 90m to the NW. Compiled by: Jean Farrelly
- KK023-013 Enclosure
Description
In tillage. Indicated as an enclosure on the Grand Jury Map, 1812-24. It is not indicated on the 1st (1839) ed. OS map which suggests that the enclosure was levelled between 1812 and 1839. Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 1 June 2021
- KK023-014001 Church
Description
Within the SE portion of a roughly triangular graveyard (KK023-014002-). Described in the OS Letters (1839) as, 'Teampall Ratha Uachtair, the Church of Ratha Uachtair', where there are, 'small portions of the walls of a Church to be seen here, which they say stood formerly within a Rath. The ground has been so much disturbed by grave digging, that the foundation cannot now be traced' (O'Flanagan 1930, vol. 1, 264-5 (89)). Carrigan (1905, vol. 3, 228) refers to many of the early names for Outrath and states that this parish church, 'was prebendal as early as the beginning of the 14th century, and, perhaps, during the two preceding centuries. Robert Sutton was appointed by the King to the Prebend of Oghterath in the Cathedral Church of St. Canice of Kilkenny, Oct. 19th, 1386. In the following century the parish of Outrath was annexed to the Chancellorship of the Diocese. The parish church was dedicated to our National Apostle, St. Patrick, and stood according to tradition, within the Rath from which the parish has its name. No trace of its walls now remains'. Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 1 June 2021
- KK023-014002 Graveyard
Description
A triangular graveyard (dims. c. 60m NE-SW; c. 54m NW-SE) which rises above the surrounding ground level. A public road runs along the NW side, with an entrance in the enclosing stone wall in the N portion of the NW side. The entrance is defined by two square cut limestone piers and a wrought-iron gate, with a stile immediately W of it. The medieval church (KK023-014001-) was located in the SE portion of the graveyard. The OS Letters (1839) describe, 'a large burying ground attached' to the church (O'Flanagan 1930, vol. 1, 264-5 (89)). Carrigan (1905, vol. 3, 228) notes that, 'The graveyard contains many inscribed monuments but none of them dating farther bank than the beginning of the 18th century'. Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 1 June 2021
- KK023-014003 Ecclesiastical enclosure
Description
According to the OS Letters (1839) the parish church of Outrath (KK023-014001-) was called, 'Teampall Ratha Uachtair, the Church of Ratha Uachtair', where there are, 'small portions of the walls of a Church to be seen here, which they say stood formerly within a Rath. The ground has been so much disturbed by grave digging, that the foundation cannot now be traced' (O'Flanagan 1930, vol. 1, 264-5 (89)). Carrigan (1905, vol. 3, 228) also mentions that the church stood, ‘according to tradition, within the Rath from which the parish has its name’. The church is within a triangular graveyard (KK023-014002-) with a curve in the public road along the NW side of the graveyard. It is possible that this is the NW wedge of a much larger, roughly circular, ecclesiastical enclosure (diam. c. 120m). Archaeological excavations (excavation licence no. 96E0387) in advance of the construction of a small reservoir, c. 10m S of the W end of the S boundary of the graveyard, revealed a spread of settlement debris (dims. 2m x 2.5m; D 0.04-0.1m), including charcoal, animal bones and several fragments of medieval pottery (Reid 1996; Reid 1997, 60-61). These provide further evidence of a medieval enclosure which extending beyond the current limits of the graveyard. Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 1 June 2021
- KK023-015001 Enclosure
Description
A circular enclosure (diam. c. 60m) identified as the cropmark of a fosse on an aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ028, 9 July 1964). A field boundary runs NNW-SSE through the centre of the enclosure. The 1st (1839) ed. OS 6-inch map indicates a small semi-circular gravel pit (dims. c. 30m NNW-SSE; c. 15m roughly E-W) extending E from the field boundary, which would be in the NE quadrant of the enclosure. Some linear ditches, possibly a related field system (KK023-015002-), were also identified as cropmarks on the aerial photograph. See attached: KK023-015001-_01 aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ028, 9 July 1964) Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 14 July 2021
- KK023-015002 Field system
Description
A circular enclosure (KK023-015001-) identified as the cropmark of a fosse on an aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ028, 9 July 1964). Some linear ditches, possibly a related field system (KK023-015002-), were also identified as cropmarks on the aerial photograph SW of the enclosure. Other cropmarks were upstanding field boundaries on the 1st (1839) ed. OS 6-inch map. See attached: KK023-015002-_01 aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ028, 9 July 1964) Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 14 July 2021
- KK023-016 Concentric enclosure
Description
A circular enclosure (diam. c. 40m) within a larger outer enclosure (diam. c. 100m) identified as the cropmark of a fosse on an aerial photograph (CUCAP BGG023, 16 July 1971). The monument is shown as a concentric enclosure on the 1st (1839) ed. OS 6-inch map, though the SE-S portion of the monument from the edge of the inner enclosure appears to have been levelled by 1839. A main road (N10) formerly kinked out to respect the monument, visible on the 1st ed. OS 6-inch map and 1957 revision. By 1971, visible on the CUCAP aerial photograph, the monument had been levelled and the W edge had been truncated when the road was straightened. Two enclosures (KK023-017----; KK023-018----), identified as cropmarks, lie c. 130m and c. 230m to the ESE and SE respectively. See attached: KK023-016----_01 aerial photograph (CUCAP BGG023, 16 July 1971) Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 14 July 2021
- KK023-017 Enclosure
Description
In tillage. A roughly circular enclosure (diam. c. 25m) identified as the cropmark of a fosse on an aerial photograph (CUCAP BGG024, 16 July 1971). A concentric enclosure (KK023-016----) lies c. 130m to the WNW and another enclosure (KK023-018----), identified as cropmark, lies c. 120m to the S. See attached: KK023-017----_01 aerial photograph (CUCAP BGG024, 16 July 1971) KK023-017----_02 aerial photograph (CUCAP BGG023, 16 July 1971) KK023-017----_03 satellite imagery (Google Earth, imagery date 13 August 2015) Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 14 July 2021
- KK023-019001 Enclosure
Description
A sub-square enclosure (diam. c. 50-60m) which widens towards the W, identified as the cropmark of a fosse on an aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ027, 9 July 1964). It is straight sided, though the W side is slightly curved, and the NW and SW corners appear to be rounded. A neighbouring and very similar enclosure (KK023-019002-), though slightly smaller, is also visible as a cropmark c. 10m to the N. See attached: KK023-019001-_01 aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ027, 9 July 1964) Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 26 July 2021
- KK023-019002 Enclosure
Description
A sub-square enclosure (diam. c. 40-50m) which widens towards the W, identified as the cropmark of a fosse on an aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ027, 9 July 1964). It is straight sided, though the W side is slightly curved, and the NW and SW corners appear to be rounded. A neighbouring and very similar enclosure (KK023-019001-), though slightly larger, is also visible as a cropmark c. 10m to the S. See attached: KK023-019001-_01 aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ027, 9 July 1964) Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 26 July 2021
- KK023-020 Enclosure
Description
A curvilinear cropmark identified as the fosse of an enclosure (diam. c. 40m) on an aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ027, 9 July 1964). On the 1st (1839) ed. OS 6-inch map and on the 1947 revision the roughly circular monument is respected by a curving kink in the townland boundary which runs along the SE-S portion of the enclosure and by a slightly curving field boundary which runs along the W sector. The remaining portion of the enclosure, from NW-NE had been levelled by 1839 but appears as a cropmark in 1964. Two other enclosures (KK023-019001-; KK023-019002-), also visible as cropmarks, are located c. 370m to the W. See attached: KK023-020----_01 aerial photograph (CUCAP AJQ027, 9 July 1964) Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 26 July 2021
- KK023-090 House - 17th century
Description
In Outrath townland O'Kelly (1969, 186) describes, 'A medieval dwelling in ruins north of the churchyard is believed to have been a Rothe House'. The ruinous building may have been part of the farm complex depicted on the 1st (1839) ed. OS 6-inch map immediately N of the medieval church (KK023-014001-) and graveyard (KK023-014002-) at Outrath, but which no longer survives at ground level. Compiled by: Jean Farrelly Date of upload: 14 October 2020
- KK023-126 Burial
Description
Human remains were discovered in 1981 during bulldozing on a farm in Outrath in advance of the construction of a silage pit. The burials appear to have been extended and covered by a layer of large water-rolled pebbles. As the site was completely disturbed, the association of the stones and the burials is not clear. (Cahill and Sikora 2011, vol. 2, 486-7) Compiled by: Mary Tunney Date of upload: 13 February 2013
Architectural heritage
No building of the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage stands in the townland of Outrath.
Designated sites: National Parks and Wildlife Service. Recorded monuments: Sites and Monuments Record, National Monuments Service. Buildings: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, CC BY 4.0. Works at or in relation to a recorded monument need two months' written notice to the National Monuments Service (National Monuments (Amendment) Act 1994, section 12).
Ground and risks
Radon, landslides, flooding
- Radon
- About 1 in 5 homes in this area is likely to have high radon levels. Testing a home
- Landslides
- Susceptibility moderately low, low, low (inferred), on the 1:50,000 map.
- Terrain model
- LiDAR of the Office of Public Works, flown in 2011, at 2 m: tile OPW_2185 (ZIP).
- Flooding
- The flood maps of the Office of Public Works: floodinfo.ie.
Radon Risk Map of Ireland, Environmental Protection Agency; Landslide Susceptibility Classification, Geological Survey Ireland; both CC BY 4.0. LiDAR: contains Irish Public Sector Data (Geological Survey Ireland & the Office of Public Works) licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
Homes sold
Property Price Register
No address of the register names Outrath with five sales or more. The sales of the area are on the page of Co. Kilkenny.
The townland
- Name
- Outrath · Uachtar Rátha
- Area
- 2,146,997 m² (214.7 ha, 530.53 acres)
- Civil parish
- Outrath, and its townlands
- Barony
- Shillelogher
- Electoral division
- Outrath, the unit of the census
- Census 2022
- Outrath electoral division: 768 people in 261 households; 89% of households own their home; 19% of homes were built since 2001; 6% of dwellings stood vacant on census night, and 2% were holiday homes.
- Neighbouring townlands
- Ballynalina, Cox's Fields, Foulkstown, Furzehouse, Grevine East, Joinersfolly, Raggetsland, Springhill
- Placenames
- Outrath on logainm.ie, the Placenames Database of Ireland
Townlands, civil parishes, baronies and electoral divisions, National Statutory Boundaries, Tailte Éireann, CC BY 4.0. Census 2022, Small Area Population Statistics by electoral division, Central Statistics Office, CC BY 4.0. A townland is the smallest land division of Ireland, and the unit of a rural address; old registers such as the 1901 and 1911 censuses file it under its civil parish and barony.