Newtown Manor, Castletroy
Co. Limerick: the land, its zoning and planning, and every recorded sale since 2010
Parcel 1625806
- Area
- 20,855 m² (2.09 ha, 5.15 acres)
- Buildings
- 55 buildings touch it, 3,775 m² on the ground
- Zoning
- R1 New Residential (Limerick Development Plan 2022-2028) The objective
R2 Existing Residential (Limerick Development Plan 2022-2028) The objective - Townland
- Newtown
Planning applications on this parcel
17 Jul 2026Refused
6 no. car parking spaces and associated site works
Retention · Limerick County Council, 2660818
26 Jun 2025Conditional
Extension of Duration for Planning Ref. 20/256, which was also amended under Planning Ref. 24/60308: a residential development comprising 57units (comprising 21 no. semi-detached houses, 3 no terrace, 2 duplex units) and 1 four storey apartment block over basement comprised of 31 apartments revisions to development granted under planning 18/698 consisting of alteration to a portion of the open space area, all accessed via existing entrance onto the Kilmurry Road and all ancillary site development works including connections to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground. The planning application is accompanied by a Natura Impact Statement
Extension of duration · Limerick County Council, 257015
9 Dec 2024N/a
Extension of Permission for Planning Ref. 23/60260 : alteration to previously approved Planning ref no. 18/1105. The alteration will consist in the reduction of dwelling units from 41 units to 38 units including the following alterations to building types; Change of 6no. duplex units (unit no’s 104, 105, 106, 107, 129, 130) to 3no. semi-detached houses; Change of 2no. 2-bed semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 99 & 100) to 2no. 3-bed semi-detached house’s; Change of house type to 21no. semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 101-103, 108-112, 114-117, 120-128); Change of house type to 3no. detached house’s (unit no’s 113, 118, 119); Elevational changes to terrace block type G (unit no’s 90-98); Changes to the Landscaping and vehicle parking together with all associated site works on lands at Newtown, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College road
Extension of duration · Limerick County Council, 247027
29 Nov 2024Conditional
Extension of Duration for Planning Ref. 18/1105 : a residential development comprising 41 no. residential units, ((i) 3 x No. detached dwelling; (ii) 20 x No. semi-detached dwellings; (iii) 2 x No. semi-detached buildings (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a 2 x bedroom ground floor apartment and a 3 x bedroom duplex unit over); (iv) 1 x No. semi-detached building (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a 2 x bedroom ground floor apartment and a 1 x bedroom first floor apartment; (v) 1 x No. terrace building (which comprise 5 x No. terrace units, 2 x No. ground floor apartments and with 2 x No. 3 x bedroom duplex units over), accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College Road and all ancillary site development works etc Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Extension of duration · Limerick County Council, 247026
20 Aug 2024Conditional
extension of permission for planning ref. 23/60258: alteration to previously approved Planning ref no. 18/1104. The alteration will consist in the reduction of dwelling units from 89 units to 84 units including the following alterations to building types; Change of 10no. duplex units (unit no’s 37, 38, 58, 59, 60, 61, 81, 82, 83, 84) to 5no. semi-detached houses; Change of 10no. 2-bed semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 42, 43, 53, 54, 65, 66, 76, 77, 88, 89) to 10no. 3-bed semi-detached house’s; Change of house type to 15no. 3-bed semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 39-41, 55-57, 62-64, 78-80, 85-87); Elevational changes to 2no. terrace block’s type G (unit no’s 44-52 & 67-75); Changes to the Landscaping and vehicle parking together with all associated site works on lands at Newtown, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College road
Extension of duration · Limerick County Council, 247016
25 Jun 2024Conditional
a residential development comprising 89 no. residential units, ((i) 20 x No. semi-detached dwellings units, (ii) 5 x No. semi-detached buildings (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a two bedroom ground floor apartment and a one bed first floor apartment); (iii) 2 x No. terraced buildings (which comprise 10 x No. terraced units; 4 x No. ground floor apartments and 4 x No. 3 x Bedroom duplex units over head; (iv) 4 x No. ground floor apartments & 4 x No. 3 x Bedroom duplex units overhead; (v) 1 x No. 5 storey apartment block with 19 x No. 2 bedroom apartments and 1 x No. 1 bedroom apartment; (vi) 1 x No. 5 storey apartment block with 16 x No. 2 bedroom apartments (vii) Creche accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College Road and all ancillary site works. Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Extension of duration · Limerick County Council, 247013
25 Apr 2023Conditional
alteration to previously approved Planning ref no. 18/1104. The alteration will consist in the reduction of dwelling units from 89 units to 84 units including the following alterations to building types; Change of 10no. duplex units (unit no’s 37, 38, 58, 59, 60, 61, 81, 82, 83, 84) to 5no. semi-detached houses; Change of 10no. 2-bed semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 42, 43, 53, 54, 65, 66, 76, 77, 88, 89) to 10no. 3-bed semi-detached house’s; Change of house type to 15no. 3-bed semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 39-41, 55-57, 62-64, 78-80, 85-87); Elevational changes to 2no. terrace block’s type G (unit no’s 44-52 & 67-75); Changes to the Landscaping and vehicle parking together with all associated site works on lands at Newtown, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College road
Permission, 78 homes · Limerick County Council, 2360258
25 Apr 2023Conditional
alteration to previously approved Planning ref no. 18/1105. The alteration will consist in the reduction of dwelling units from 41 units to 38 units including the following alterations to building types; Change of 6no. duplex units (unit no’s 104, 105, 106, 107, 129, 130) to 3no. semi-detached houses; Change of 2no. 2-bed semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 99 & 100) to 2no. 3-bed semi-detached house’s; Change of house type to 21no. semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 101-103, 108-112, 114-117, 120-128); Change of house type to 3no. detached house’s (unit no’s 113, 118, 119); Elevational changes to terrace block type G (unit no’s 90-98); Changes to the Landscaping and vehicle parking together with all associated site works on lands at Newtown, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College road
Permission, 38 homes · Limerick County Council, 2360260
22 Mar 2021Conditional
a residential development comprising 62no. residential units(14no. semi-detached house, 10no. terrace houses, 4no. duplex units, 2no. 5 storey apartment blocks over basement, comprised of 34no. apartments and basement parking), revisions to development granted under planning reference 20/256 consisting of alteration of portion of the open space area and alterations to the visitor drop off area, all accessed via existing entrance onto the Kilmurry Road and all ancillary site development works on lands at Newtown, Castletroy, Co. Limerick. Ancillary site development works include connections to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, bin & bike store, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground. The planning application is accompanied by an EIAR(Environmental Impact Assessment Report) and an NIS(Natura Impact Statement)
Permission, 28 homes · Limerick County Council, 21350
26 Mar 2020Conditional
a residential development comprising 57units (comprising 21 no. semi-detached houses, 3 no terrace, 2 duplex units) and 1 four storey apartment block over basement comprised of 31 apartments revisions to development granted under planning 18/698 consisting of alteration to a portion of the open space area, all accessed via existing entrance onto the Kilmurry Road and all ancillary site development works including connections to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground. The planning application is accompanied by a Natura Impact Statement
Permission, 31 homes · Limerick County Council, 20256
7 Nov 2019Conditional
an alteration to previously approved planning permission, ref. no. 18/1105. The alteration consists of the removal of the proposed pedestrian and cycle link to the neighbouring Woodhaven housing estate on the northern boundary of the site and associated site development works
Permission · Limerick County Council, 191100
14 Nov 2018Conditional
a residential development comprising 89 no. residential units, ((i) 20 x No. semi-detached dwellings units, (ii) 5 x No. semi-detached buildings (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a two bedroom ground floor apartment and a one bed first floor apartment); (iii) 2 x No. terraced buildings (which comprise 10 x No. terraced units; 4 x No. ground floor apartments and 4 x No. 3 x Bedroom duplex units over head; (iv) 4 x No. ground floor apartments & 4 x No. 3 x Bedroom duplex units overhead; (v) 1 x No. 5 storey apartment block with 19 x No. 2 bedroom apartments and 1 x No. 1 bedroom apartment; (vi) 1 x No. 5 storey apartment block with 16 x No. 2 bedroom apartments (vii) Creche accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College Road and all ancillary site works. Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Permission, 43 homes · Limerick County Council, 181104
14 Nov 2018Conditional
a residential development comprising 41 no. residential units, ((i) 3 x No. detached dwelling; (ii) 20 x No. semi-detached dwellings; (iii) 2 x No. semi-detached buildings (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a 2 x bedroom ground floor apartment and a 3 x bedroom duplex unit over); (iv) 1 x No. semi-detached building (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a 2 x bedroom ground floor apartment and a 1 x bedroom first floor apartment; (v) 1 x No. terrace building (which comprise 5 x No. terrace units, 2 x No. ground floor apartemtns and with 2 x No. 3 x bedroom duplex units over), accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College Road and all ancillary site development works etc Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Permission, 35 homes · Limerick County Council, 181105
6 Jul 2018Conditional
a residential development comprising 38 no. residential units, (26 no. semi-detached houses, 12 no. terrace houses), new entrance onto the existing L1121 road and all ancillary site development works. Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Permission, 38 homes · Limerick County Council, 18698
Source: National Planning Applications, Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, CC BY 4.0. Applicants are not shown.
Designated sites
No designated site (Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area, Natural Heritage Area or proposed one) touches this parcel.
Recorded monuments around it
No zone of notification of a recorded monument touches this parcel.
Designated sites: National Parks and Wildlife Service. Recorded monuments: Sites and Monuments Record, National Monuments Service. Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, CC BY 4.0. Works at or in relation to a recorded monument need two months' written notice to the National Monuments Service (National Monuments (Amendment) Act 1994, section 12).
Download this parcel: DXF, in Irish Transverse Mercator metres, with its neighbours and buildings, for a drawing program; GeoJSON, in WGS 84, for a map.
Registered freehold land, Tailte Éireann, CC BY 4.0. A parcel is the land of a title, not an address. The owner's name is in the Land Registry of Tailte Éireann: a copy of the folio can be ordered on landdirect.ie, for a fee.
- Land parcels
- 13
- median 253 m²
- Median price
- €321,586
- 9 market sales since 2021
- Zoning
- R2
- Existing Residential, 9 of 13 parcels
- Planning
- 13
- applications within 15 m of the street since 2010
Estimate About €345,000 for a second-hand house here at 2026 prices; one sale in two between €255,000 and €461,000. Refine the estimate
Land parcels
Registered freehold land, within 15 m of the street
13 parcels, from 42 m² to 20,855 m² (2.09 ha, 5.15 acres), median 253 m².
Line of the street: © OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL.
Zoning
Development plan, within 15 m of the street
- R2Existing Residential (Existing residential)
Limerick Development Plan 2022-2028, Limerick The zoning objective in the plan
9 parcels of this street - G5Open Space and Recreation (Mixed/general 'green'/recreation/conservation, other)
Limerick Development Plan 2022-2028, Limerick The zoning objective in the plan
1 parcel of this street - R1New Residential (New/proposed residential)
Limerick Development Plan 2022-2028, Limerick The zoning objective in the plan
1 parcel of this street
Source: Tailte Éireann and the Department of Housing (MyPlan), national zoning, CC BY 4.0. A parcel counts in the zone its centre falls in.
Planning applications
Sites within 15 m of the street, newest first
26 Jun 2025Conditional
Extension of Duration for Planning Ref. 20/256, which was also amended under Planning Ref. 24/60308: a residential development comprising 57units (comprising 21 no. semi-detached houses, 3 no terrace, 2 duplex units) and 1 four storey apartment block over basement comprised of 31 apartments revisions to development granted under planning 18/698 consisting of alteration to a portion of the open space area, all accessed via existing entrance onto the Kilmurry Road and all ancillary site development works including connections to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground. The planning application is accompanied by a Natura Impact Statement
Extension of duration · Limerick County Council, 257015
9 Dec 2024N/a
Extension of Permission for Planning Ref. 23/60260 : alteration to previously approved Planning ref no. 18/1105. The alteration will consist in the reduction of dwelling units from 41 units to 38 units including the following alterations to building types; Change of 6no. duplex units (unit no’s 104, 105, 106, 107, 129, 130) to 3no. semi-detached houses; Change of 2no. 2-bed semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 99 & 100) to 2no. 3-bed semi-detached house’s; Change of house type to 21no. semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 101-103, 108-112, 114-117, 120-128); Change of house type to 3no. detached house’s (unit no’s 113, 118, 119); Elevational changes to terrace block type G (unit no’s 90-98); Changes to the Landscaping and vehicle parking together with all associated site works on lands at Newtown, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College road
Extension of duration · Limerick County Council, 247027
29 Nov 2024Conditional
Extension of Duration for Planning Ref. 18/1105 : a residential development comprising 41 no. residential units, ((i) 3 x No. detached dwelling; (ii) 20 x No. semi-detached dwellings; (iii) 2 x No. semi-detached buildings (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a 2 x bedroom ground floor apartment and a 3 x bedroom duplex unit over); (iv) 1 x No. semi-detached building (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a 2 x bedroom ground floor apartment and a 1 x bedroom first floor apartment; (v) 1 x No. terrace building (which comprise 5 x No. terrace units, 2 x No. ground floor apartments and with 2 x No. 3 x bedroom duplex units over), accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College Road and all ancillary site development works etc Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Extension of duration · Limerick County Council, 247026
25 Jun 2024Conditional
a residential development comprising 89 no. residential units, ((i) 20 x No. semi-detached dwellings units, (ii) 5 x No. semi-detached buildings (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a two bedroom ground floor apartment and a one bed first floor apartment); (iii) 2 x No. terraced buildings (which comprise 10 x No. terraced units; 4 x No. ground floor apartments and 4 x No. 3 x Bedroom duplex units over head; (iv) 4 x No. ground floor apartments & 4 x No. 3 x Bedroom duplex units overhead; (v) 1 x No. 5 storey apartment block with 19 x No. 2 bedroom apartments and 1 x No. 1 bedroom apartment; (vi) 1 x No. 5 storey apartment block with 16 x No. 2 bedroom apartments (vii) Creche accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College Road and all ancillary site works. Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Extension of duration · Limerick County Council, 247013
10 Apr 2024Conditional
the alteration to previously approved Planning ref no. 20/256 and 21/350. The alteration seeks removal of the basement car parking and the following amendments: (a) revised vehicle parking arrangement, (b) addition of a bin & bike storage building, (c) minor elevational changes to the 3 no. apartment blocks, (d) revised landscaping and courtyard boundary treatment and all associated site development works
Permission · Limerick County Council, 2460308
20 Jun 2023N/a
alteration to previously approved Planning ref no. 20/256 and 21/350. The alteration consists of replacing 1no. 4 storey apartment block over basement, comprised of 31 no. apartments and basement parking; and replacing 2no. 5 storey apartment blocks over basement, comprised of 34 no. apartments and basement parking with the following: a total of 46no. residential units & bike store (comprising of 38no. duplex units in 4 no. 3 storey blocks with 1 and 2-bedroom duplex apartments on the ground floor and 3-bedroom duplex units over; 1 no. 3 storey apartment block with 8no. apartments and associated bike and bin storage including apartment lock ups) together with alterations to landscaping and parking and all associated site works
Permission · Limerick County Council, 2360425
25 Apr 2023Conditional
alteration to previously approved Planning ref no. 18/1105. The alteration will consist in the reduction of dwelling units from 41 units to 38 units including the following alterations to building types; Change of 6no. duplex units (unit no’s 104, 105, 106, 107, 129, 130) to 3no. semi-detached houses; Change of 2no. 2-bed semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 99 & 100) to 2no. 3-bed semi-detached house’s; Change of house type to 21no. semi-detached house’s (unit no’s 101-103, 108-112, 114-117, 120-128); Change of house type to 3no. detached house’s (unit no’s 113, 118, 119); Elevational changes to terrace block type G (unit no’s 90-98); Changes to the Landscaping and vehicle parking together with all associated site works on lands at Newtown, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College road
Permission, 38 homes · Limerick County Council, 2360260
22 Mar 2021Conditional
a residential development comprising 62no. residential units(14no. semi-detached house, 10no. terrace houses, 4no. duplex units, 2no. 5 storey apartment blocks over basement, comprised of 34no. apartments and basement parking), revisions to development granted under planning reference 20/256 consisting of alteration of portion of the open space area and alterations to the visitor drop off area, all accessed via existing entrance onto the Kilmurry Road and all ancillary site development works on lands at Newtown, Castletroy, Co. Limerick. Ancillary site development works include connections to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, bin & bike store, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground. The planning application is accompanied by an EIAR(Environmental Impact Assessment Report) and an NIS(Natura Impact Statement)
Permission, 28 homes · Limerick County Council, 21350
23 Jun 2020Conditional
an attic conversion to a habitable room, dormer window and associated site works
Retention · Limerick County Council, 20542
26 Mar 2020Conditional
a residential development comprising 57units (comprising 21 no. semi-detached houses, 3 no terrace, 2 duplex units) and 1 four storey apartment block over basement comprised of 31 apartments revisions to development granted under planning 18/698 consisting of alteration to a portion of the open space area, all accessed via existing entrance onto the Kilmurry Road and all ancillary site development works including connections to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground. The planning application is accompanied by a Natura Impact Statement
Permission, 31 homes · Limerick County Council, 20256
14 Nov 2018Conditional
a residential development comprising 89 no. residential units, ((i) 20 x No. semi-detached dwellings units, (ii) 5 x No. semi-detached buildings (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a two bedroom ground floor apartment and a one bed first floor apartment); (iii) 2 x No. terraced buildings (which comprise 10 x No. terraced units; 4 x No. ground floor apartments and 4 x No. 3 x Bedroom duplex units over head; (iv) 4 x No. ground floor apartments & 4 x No. 3 x Bedroom duplex units overhead; (v) 1 x No. 5 storey apartment block with 19 x No. 2 bedroom apartments and 1 x No. 1 bedroom apartment; (vi) 1 x No. 5 storey apartment block with 16 x No. 2 bedroom apartments (vii) Creche accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College Road and all ancillary site works. Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Permission, 43 homes · Limerick County Council, 181104
14 Nov 2018Conditional
a residential development comprising 41 no. residential units, ((i) 3 x No. detached dwelling; (ii) 20 x No. semi-detached dwellings; (iii) 2 x No. semi-detached buildings (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a 2 x bedroom ground floor apartment and a 3 x bedroom duplex unit over); (iv) 1 x No. semi-detached building (which comprise of a semi-detached dwelling combined with a 2 x bedroom ground floor apartment and a 1 x bedroom first floor apartment; (v) 1 x No. terrace building (which comprise 5 x No. terrace units, 2 x No. ground floor apartemtns and with 2 x No. 3 x bedroom duplex units over), accessed via an existing entrance onto the Castletroy College Road and all ancillary site development works etc Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Permission, 35 homes · Limerick County Council, 181105
6 Jul 2018Conditional
a residential development comprising 38 no. residential units, (26 no. semi-detached houses, 12 no. terrace houses), new entrance onto the existing L1121 road and all ancillary site development works. Ancillary site development works include a new connection to the public water main, foul and surface water drainage, access roads, footpaths, vehicle parking, landscaping, boundary treatments and site development works above and below ground
Permission, 38 homes · Limerick County Council, 18698
Source: National Planning Applications, Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, CC BY 4.0. Applicants are not shown.
Median price by year
Years with three market sales or more
| Year | Median price | Sales |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | €340,088 | 3 |
| 2022 | €312,775 | 4 |
| 2020 | €255,175 | 3 |
Every recorded sale
12 sales, newest first
| Date | Address, as recorded | Price |
|---|---|---|
| 19 Mar 2024 | 42 NEWTOWN MANOR, CASTLETROY, CO LIMERICK (new, excl. VAT) | €314,978 |
| 2 Jun 2023 | 88 Newtown Manor, Castletroy (new, excl. VAT) | €321,586 |
| 25 Apr 2023 | 90 Newtown Manor, Castletroy (new, excl. VAT) | €340,088 |
| 22 Mar 2023 | 78 Newtown Manor, Castletroy, Co Limerick (new, excl. VAT) | €346,696 |
| 19 Dec 2022 | 65 Newtown Manor, Castletroy, Co Limerick (new, excl. VAT) | €418,502 |
| 12 Dec 2022 | 66 Newtown Manor, Castletroy, Co Limerick (new, excl. VAT) | €343,612 |
| 13 Sept 2022 | 54 Newtown Manor, Castletroy (new, excl. VAT) | €281,938 |
| 25 Aug 2022 | 56 Newtown Manor, Castletroy, Limerick (new, excl. VAT) | €281,938 |
| 3 Mar 2021 | 25 Newtown Manor, Castletroy, Limerick (new, excl. VAT) | €290,749 |
| 15 Dec 2020 | 14 Newtown Manor, Castletroy, Limerick (new, excl. VAT) | €230,837 |
| 8 Dec 2020 | 2 Newtown Manor, Castletroy, Limerick (new, excl. VAT) | €255,175 |
| 25 Nov 2020 | 4 Newtown Manor, Castletroy, Limerick (new, excl. VAT) | €257,770 |
Source: Residential Property Price Register, Property Services Regulatory Authority. Sales marked “not full market price” are left out of every median.