Maudlin Street, Kells

Area

718 m²

Buildings

No building touches it.

Zoning

R2 A1 - Existing Residential (Meath County Development Plan 2021-2027) The objective

Townland

Townparks

Planning applications on this parcel

• 4 Jun 2021N/a

  construction of (1) 3 no. two storey, 4 bedroom terrace type dwellings (Block A), (2) 5 no. two storey terrace type dwellings comprising of 3 no. 4 bedroom type units and 2 no. 3 bedroom type units (Block B), (3) provision of vehicular access onto Maudlin Street (4) connection to existing mains services (5) all ancillary and facilitating site works

  Permission, 1 home · Meath County Council, 211083

Source: National Planning Applications, Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, CC BY 4.0. Applicants are not shown.

Designated sites

No designated site (Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area, Natural Heritage Area or proposed one) touches this parcel.

Recorded monuments around it

This parcel is in the zone of notification of 38 recorded monuments.

• ME017-044 Historic town
  Description

  Located on the summit of and on the N, E and S-facing slopes of a low hill on the E side of the Hill of Lloyd. Numerous prehistoric artefacts have been found within the town and it may have been an important prehistoric centre before it became a Christian one (Bradley and King 1985, 70). It was reputed to be a stronghold of Diarmait Mac Cerbhill, King of the southern Uí Néill who died in AD 565, and it was known as Cenannas na Rí defended by a múr or wall in Old and Middle Irish tales. Ceanannas means ‘white-headed’ or pale (Simms and Simms 1990, 1), and a rath (ME017-044028-) at least was probably present before the Columban monastery was established (ME017-044012-). When the monastic community of Iona left St Columba’s original monastery after some of the earliest Viking raids recorded in Britain or Ireland c. 800 AD they set up at Ceanannas. The templum or principal church was built by 814, and the relics of the saint were brought here ultimately, although they might also have spent time at Screen (ME032-047003-). Its most precious relic was the richly illuminated Book of Kells, which was probably produced in Iona c. 800 but during the later middle ages it was kept on the altar of the parish church (ME017-044031-) until 1653 when it made its way to Dublin and ultimately to the Royal Irish Academy (Simington 1960, 241-2). In addition to the original Gospels it records some pre-Anglo-Norman charters for parcels of the monastery’s lands. The size and prosperity of the new foundation is illustrated by its history as the head of the Columban familia until c. 1150, and the extent of its ecclesiastical enclosure (dims c. 280m x c. 350m). Furthermore, it was a renowned metal-working centre and the shrines of the Cathac and the Misach were made at Kells (Ó Floinn 1995, 120, 126). The monastery was attacked frequently by Viking and Irish war-bands in the tenth to twelfth centuries, one of the last being led by Dermot McMurrough in AD 1170. Kells became a diocesan centre and the locus of an important reforming Church synod in 1152, by which time it was under the sway of O’Rourke of Breifne. The monastery may have functioned as a town, and Hugh de Lacy made it the caput or centre of a manor before 1176 when he discontinued building a castle at the approach of an Irish army. Hugh’s son Walter conferred a charter on Kells sometime after 1194 (MacNiochaill 1964, vol. 1, 124-5). The town was burned in 1203 and by 1211 it had lost its episcopal status to Trim and the Columban monastery became a parish church (ME017-044031-). In 1315 Edward Bruce put to flight an army under Roger de Mortimer outside the town (Orpen 1911-20, vol. 3, 173), but the location and significance of this encounter (ME017-052----) is uncertain. The earliest murage grant was made after this in 1326 (Simms and Simms 1990, 2). Kells was always a frontier town and a section of the Pale ditch (ME016-010----) survives c. 3km NW of it. In the fifteenth century it was under pressure from the O’Reillys of Cavan and the burgeses complained of the high level of murage required for the upkeep of its defences. Nevertheless, Kells was a fairly prosperous urban centre and in 1598 it was listed as one of the four walled towns of Meath (Hogan 1878, 91). In 1642 a synod of the Catholic bishops of the Armagh archdiocese met at Kells and in 1647 the town was captured by Confederate Catholic forces. The town walls were described as ruined in the Civil Survey (1654) when 24 proprietors of 1640 are listed, 18 of whom are described as papists. A castle, a church with a steeple, a tuck mill and two corn mills are listed together with ‘divers houses and cabins, a stone quarry, a watch tower (the round tower), a fishing weir and two waste mills’ (Simington 1940, 279). A valuation of 1663 lists 32 proprietors of 1640 and 150 tenements in 1663 (Simington 1960, 233-4). In this survey about a third of the plots are described as ‘waste’, but the extant houses are usually of three or four rooms, the walls are of clay and stone, and the roofs are most frequently of thatch. The gardens can be quite long, frequently over 100 feet (c. 30m) in length. The named streets are: Shaffolk (Suffolk), Connaught (Canon), Carrick, Cross, St. John’s or Navan, and Maudlin. The terrier or commentary of the Down Survey (1655-8) barony map describes Kells as ‘a walled town where a market is held every Thursday. There are five gates, a castle, a church, a high watch tower (the round tower), the house called St Colmcille’s cell with several houses and cabins in repair and two abbeys – one without Canon Gate called Lady’s Abbey and the other without Dublin Gate called St John’s Abbey.’ An area S of the ecclesiastical enclosure was known as Siofic in pre-Anglo-Norman sources (AFM 1156) and this suburb is probably the root of the name Suffolk St. The extent of the Anglo-Norman town based on the 1663 valuation and the burgage plots recorded in the 1836 edition of the OS 6-inch map encloses a large area of about 20 ha (c. 52 acres). Apart from one mural tower there are no upstanding remains of the medieval defences, although its line can be deduced from the Down Survey maps and the valuation of 1663. The line ran from the mural tower S of Canon St westwards along the back of properties on the S side of that street to Canon Gate where it turned N along the E side of the Fair Green to Carrick Gate. It followed the back of properties on the N side of Carrick Street to Maudlin Gate on the eponymous street. From this point it ran to the E of properties on the E side of Castle Street and continued to the Dublin Gate at the W end of what is now Headfort Place. From here the wall followed a line at the back of properties on the S side of Kenlis Place and Farrell Street, crossed the N end of Bective Street at Trim Gate and ran by the back of properties on the W side of Suffolk Street to the mural tower. Archaeological monitoring (E004375) of street trenches by Melanie McQuade within the town has produced evidence of habitation at the E end of Canon St., in Suffolk St., at the N end of Farrell St., in Market St., John St. and at the S end of Maudlin St. for which see: https://excavations.ie/report/2011/Meath/0022769/ The most extensive deposits were in Church St. (ibid.) where the potential had already been identified by testing (10E0405) (Walsh and Bailey (2013). The surviving remains consist of St Columba’s House (ME017-044011-) and the site of the parish church (ME017-044012-) at the core of the early monastery with the round tower and three high crosses and other remains in the graveyard. The site of St John’s friary (ME017-044026-) is in a graveyard on the Navan Road where there are some medieval graveslabs. The market cross has been moved to a new position (ME017-044043-) also on the Navan Road beside the old Court House that is now a heritage centre, for which see this web-page accessed on 05/04/2019: http://www.visitingkells.ie/the-old-courthouse.html Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of upload: 16 April 2019

• ME017-044001 Cross - High cross
  Description

  The cross known as the Market Cross was situated at the junction of Market St. and Castle St., on the perimeter of the ecclesiastical enclosure (ME017-044025-) defining the monastic site of Ceanannus. However, it is not known if this is its original location since an inscription on the shaft says the cross was erected by Robert (Ba)lfe in 1688. Nevertheless, Swan (1998) avers that it is a termon or boundary cross in its original position on the perimeter of the monastery. In any case what was the S face was probably facing E originally. The cross was moved to its present location (ME017-044043-) in front of the Court House between the Dublin and Headford roads in 2001 (King 2004)and erected correctly with what had been the S face now facing E. The Court House has been converted into an interpretive centre for the history of the town, but it is currently closed for conservation works. Even the lesser sides of the shaft of this ringed cross have decorated panels, and it can be dated to the 10th century. The cross (H 2.75m; Wth 1.65m) has a shaft (dims 0.53m x 0.37m) with damaged roll-moulding set in a pyramidal base (dims at base 1.34m x 1.25m; H 0.6m) decorated with hunting and riding scenes. The panels are listed from the bottom as they were at Market St. The E face has the betrayal of Judas, Peter cuts off an ear, and the flagellation of Christ. The W face has an unidentified scene, the judgement of Solomon, Samuel anointing David, and the pillar of fire. The S face has a panel of spirals, Christ in the tomb, David proclaimed King of Israel, Adam and Eve with Cain and Abel. The head has David and his harp beneath Daniel in the lions’ den at the crux, with the sacrifice of Isaac and the temptation of Anthony on either side. The N face has the Balfe inscription, Christ and the little children, the healing of the centurion’s servant, and the miracle of the loaves and fishes. The crucifixion is at the crux with the denial of Peter, the temptation of Anthony, and Saints Paul and Anthony. At the W end of the arms is David slaying the lion and Saints Paul and Anthony in the desert are at the E end. The top of the cross is missing. (Harbison 1992, 1, 103-08) The above description is derived from the published 'Archaeological Inventory of County Meath' (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1987). In certain instances the entries have been revised and updated in the light of recent research. Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of upload/revision: 2 July 2014

• ME017-044003 Castle - unclassified
  Description

  Hugh de Lacy established a manor at Kells but its castle, probably a motte, was abandoned in 1176 after an Irish attack (Orpen 1911-20, 2, 78). However, a castle is mentioned again in 1212 (Davies and Quinn 1941, 31), although neither its subsequent fate nor its location are known. A description of the town in 1663 (Simington 1960, 234, 262) describes a stone and lime walled castle of three storeys with a vault that was known as the Thoulsell at the S end of Maudlin St., now Castle St. This may have been designed to serve as a town hall and market house at the centre of the market, and in the early eighteenth century it was used as a court house (Simms and Simms 1990, 4). Two Headford estate maps dating from 1762 and 1817 show this castle in an island surrounded by streets opposite the Market Cross (ibid. maps 4, 5), and it is probably the castle described by Isaac Butler in 1740 (1892, 129). Two early nineteenth century illustrations (Simms and Simms 1990, 1, 9) depict it as an oblong block of two or three bays and two storeys, with a circular corner tower on Market St. The tower was probably for a stairs and has machicoulis on the parapet and a high conical roof. There is also a lintelled doorway in a round-arched surround, probably inserted, at the base of the tower. The windows were large rectangular sash windows that had probably been inserted under brick relieving arches. One view shows trees growing on the parapet, although it was still occupied. Perhaps it is not surprising that it had been removed by the 1830s when the Ordinance Survey mapped the town. (Bradley and King 1985, 74) Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of revised upload: 16 April, 2019

• ME017-044004 Town defences
  Description

  The town defences of Kells enclosed an area of c. 20 ha (c. 52 acres) and had a circumference of 1.8 km. The date of construction is uncertain but the earliest murage grant was in 1326 (Simms and Simms 1990, 2). In 1462 Parliament agreed to continue an existing murage grant (Berry 1914, 25). The walls were maintained into the 17th century and were scaled by Catholic Confederate troops when they captured the town in 1647. The walls were described as ruined in the Civil Survey (1654-6) but the Down Survey (1656-8) noted that Kells had a stone wall with five gates: Canon Gate, Carrick Gate at the N end of the Fair Green, Maudlin Gate, Dublin Gate on Headford Place, and Trim Gate on Bective Street. Apart from one mural tower there are no upstanding remains of the medieval defences, although its line can be deduced from the Down Survey maps and a valuation of the town in 1663 (Simington 1960, 267-8). The line ran from the mural tower S of Canon Street westwards along the back of properties on the S side of that street to Canon Gate, but testing (01E0979) at this angle has failed to produce any evidence of it (Shanahan 2003). The wall turned N along the E side of the Fair Green to Carrick Gate. The wall is thought to have followed the back of properties on the N side of Carrick Street to Maudlin Gate on the eponymous street, but archaeological testing (01E1145) has so far failed to confirm this (Hayden 2006). It ran to the E of properties on the E side of Castle Street and continued to the Dublin Gate at the W end of Headfort Place. From here the wall followed a line at the back of properties on the S side of Kenlis Place and Farrell Street, crossed the N end of Bective Street at Trim Gate and ran by the back of properties on the W side of Suffolk Street to the mural tower, although testing on Bective St (06E0634) and the S side of Canon St (06E0634) has yet to confirm this (Roynane 2009). The land falls away steeply to the S of the surviving tower which is in a naturally defensive location. The tower is circular (ext. diam. 5.1m), and constructed of roughly coursed limestone. It has two floors and a basement. At the first storey are three large slits covering the town wall and the area to the S, and there is a garderobe chute. At the second storey there is machicolation on the W side and a large window on the S side. The parapet does not survive. (Bradley and King 1985, 74-76) The above description is derived from the published 'Archaeological Inventory of County Meath' (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1987). In certain instances the entries have been revised and updated in the light of recent research. Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of revision: 16 April 2019

• ME017-044011 Church
  Description

  St. Columb’s House is located towards the top of a N-facing slope within the ecclesiastical enclosure of Kells. It is in a rectangular enclosure (dims c. 20-25m N-S; c. 17m E-W) defined by masonry walls, but there is no evidence of burials associated with it. This is a stone-roofed church with a second chamber in the steep pitch of the roof. The structure was conserved by OPW in the 1870s (Deane 1877-78, 77) but much of the ground around and within it had already been lowered, exposing deep foundations, and this complicates interpretations of the structure. The ground floor is a rectangular chamber (int. dims c. 5.8m E-W; c. 4.7m N-S) with a barrel vault (present H c. 7m). The upper chamber (int. L c. 4.55m) is divided into three by buttresses that have crude arched openings (Wth c. 0.53m). A rectangular doorway towards the E end of the S wall is post-medieval and located almost entirely in the foundations of the building. The original doorway, now destroyed and with the opening blocked, was in the W wall. The only original features are gable-headed windows in the E wall and towards the E end of the S wall at the original ground floor. The ground floor was provided with a wooden ceiling, evidenced by the lack of plaster above the windows, and this served as the floor of an upper chamber or loft that was lit only by a small window in the W wall. An opening in the lower vault at the W end allows access to the upper vault that is lit only by a rectangular window in the E wall. St. Columb’s House is one of the smallest of the stone-roofed churches in Ireland. Leask (1955, 33-4) accepted it as the church completed in AD 814, which was damaged in a Viking raid in 819. More recent research identifies St. Columb’s House as one of a group of double-vaulted churches built around AD 1100 as shrine chapels (Ó Carragáin 2010, 262-3). For Leask the upper vault was necessitated by the weight of stone that would otherwise have borne down on the arch below, thus creating a space that might not have been used. However, the upper vault is accessible, is provided with two internal buttresses and an E window and could be utilised. Ó Carragáin posits with considerable scholarship that the double-vaulted churches, being consistently of small design at subsidiary locations within larger monasteries served as reliquary churches designed to house enshrined relics, perhaps in the care of anchorites (ibid. 263-8). In the context of Kells, a charter of 1073-87 recognises Dísert Coluim Cille – the hermitage of Colum Cille – as a community within the monastery. The Annals record that the relics of the saint were carried off in 1127 by Vikings, but were restored to his tigh or house within a month. This may be the earliest reference to the existing structure that could have been commissioned to replace an older chapel by the Uí Mael Seachnail sept of the southern Uí Neill, who were patrons of Kells. If so it was a forlorn attempt to bolster Kells as the recognised head of the familia, or family, of Columbine monasteries that it would lose to Derry by 1150, dashing any hopes of the Uí Mael Seachnail to retain a claim on the High Kingship. The Uí Mael Seachnail power in Meath was effectively broken in 1094, and a likely period for the construction of St. Columba’s House is 1080-86. This coincides with the period when Kells was recognised as a centre of excellence in the production of metalwork for shrines like the Cathach (ibid. 282-4). It is a National Monument (Harbison 1970, 187) The above description is derived from the published 'Archaeological Inventory of County Meath' (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1987). In certain instances the entries have been revised and updated in the light of recent research. See attached view from S. Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of revision: 15 July 2014

• ME017-044012 Church
  Description

  St. Colum Cille – Colum of the church - also known as Columba, is one of the best known and best documented of Irish saints. He was descended through his father, Feidhlimidh, from the Ceinéal Conaill, the ruling dynasty of Donegal. His mother, Eithne’s, connections are less secure, some associating her with the Uí Bhairrche of Carlow and Wexford or, more probably, with the Corbraighe of Fánaid, in north Donegal. Since the 12th century he is associated with Patrick and Bridget as one of Ireland’s national saints, and his cult has spread throughout Ireland, Scotland and further afield. His biography by Adhamhnán, written c. AD 700, is one of the earliest examples of Irish hagiography, but like all such works should be read with caution. Colum was educated by Finnnian of Movilla, Co. Down, where he is said to have surreptitiously copied his teacher’s Gospels. Although it is a later legend this is said to have resulted in a judgement against him, the battle of Cúil Dreimhne, and his subsequent self-exile to Scotland where he founded his most famous monastery at Iona between AD 558 and 574. After his death in 597 Iona became a springboard for the evangelisation of northern Britain (Ó Riain 2011, 211-4). Prior to leaving Ireland he is said to have founded many monasteries, but Kells was not one of them, although Cogan (1862-70 vol. 1, 39), following Archdall, records abbots in the 7th century. The foundation of Kells (Ceanannus) arose from Viking raids on Iona after AD 802, when some of the community moved to Kells with many relics and treasures, possibly including the Cathach and the Book of Kells. All the features at Kells date from after this removal, and in 807 it is recorded that the church of Columba at Kells (Ceanannus) was destroyed. St. Colum’s feast is celebrated on 9 June. St. Columba’s house (ME017-044011-) was built after the removal to Kells, but this is likely to have occured in the late 11th century (Ó Carragain 2010, 282-85). In 903 Kells was plundered by Maelseachnaill, and in 918 it was sacked by Vikings for the first time. In 949 the Vikings made Kells a centre for their extensive raids on monasteries in the vicinity. Over the next 200 years almost 20 raids against Kells or burnings of the monastery are recorded in the annals, including one by Dermot Mac Murrough in 1170. In 1005 a great book, possibly the Book of Kells, was stolen but was recovered soon afterwards, minus its gold cover. (Cogan 1862-70, 1, 38-42) At a Church synod held at Kells in 1152 the primacy of Armagh was re-iterated and the provinces of the archbishops and the territories of the dioceses, which they essentially hold down to the present, were settled. The dioceses reflected the political realities of the time, and the Meath diocese, centred first at Clonard and later at Trim, encompassed the kingdom of Meath at probably its greatest extent. Kells is listed as the centre of what was to become Kilmore diocese, which was not otherwise named, but this reflected the growing importance of the O’ Rourke kingdom of Breiffne in counties Cavan and Leitrim. However Kells had lost its diocesan status by 1211 when it was absorbed into the Meath diocese. (Gwynn and Hadcock 1970, 82) Thereafter the church at the centre of Kells became parochial (ME017-044031-), although Cogan (1862-70, vol. 1, 200-4) conflates it with St. Mary’s Augustinian abbey (ME017-044039-). A church undoubtedly existed where the present Church of Ireland church of St. Columba is located from the inception of the monastery, and this may be the daimhliag burnt by Vikings in AD 918 (ibid, 1, 39), but no evidence of a structure remains. However, the round tower and four high crosses in the rectangular St. Columba’s graveyard (dims c. 95m E-W; c. 65-70m N-S), which is defined by masonry walls, are ample evidence of an early church here. The graveyard is within an ecclesiastical enclosure (diam. c. 300-350m) now fossilised in the curving street system outlined by Carrick, Castle, Cross, and Farrell Streets, the Fair Green at the W, and the line of the medieval town wall on the S and SW. It is possible that this enclosure was an ancient and abandoned Royal pagan site before it enclosed the monastery. The monastery and its enclosure are located on the N and E-facing slopes of a broad hill. After it lost its status as a diocesan centre in the early 13th century, the old monastic centre became a parish church but little documentation relates to it. According to an inscription on the tower the church underwent major repairs in 1579, and Dopping records (1682-5) that the church and chancel were derelict since 1641 but were then being repaired. At that time it had chapels dedicated to St. Mary and St. Nicholas, and a steeple, by which he probably meant the tower (Ellison 1973, 7). The tower (ext. dims 9m E-W; 8m N-S) is just N of the present church and has three surviving floors. It has corner buttresses and good quoins, one at the NW angle with the Plunkett coat of arms. There are string courses at the first and second floors. There are two external niches with hood mouldings rising from the first floor string-course on the W wall. The crease of a pitched roof is visible at first floor level on the S side over a filled-in arch, indicating that the church was to the S of the tower. The ground floor has an E-W barrel vault with a hole for bell-pulls. There is a blocked twin-light ogee-headed window in the E wall and a pointed chamfered doorway internally at the SW angle accesses the newel stairs to the upper floors, which were entered through lintelled doorways. The second floor or belfry stage has a twin-light transomed, ogee-headed window with quatrefoil above on each face. The original parapet was removed when a steeple was added in 1783. (Bradley and King 1985, 77-8) The above description is derived from the published 'Archaeological Inventory of County Meath' (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1987). In certain instances the entries have been revised and updated in the light of recent research. Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of upload/revision: 2 July 2014

• ME017-044013 Round tower
  Description

  The round tower is SW of the present Church of Ireland church and the likely site of the daimhliag. It is now incorporated into the masonry wall of the graveyard (ME017-04434-). It was extant in 1076 as in that year Murchadh O’Melaghlin, King of Tara, was murdered in it (Cogan 1862-70, 1, 41). It is constructed on a plinth resting on rock outcrop. The entrance doorway on the N side is 1.5m above the raised level of the graveyard and is round-arched and of sandstone. The tower (int. diam. 2.6m at the doorway) has five floors and has five pointed windows at the top. The conical cap is missing. (Barrow 1979, 168) Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of upload: 2 July, 2014

• ME017-044014 Cross - High cross
  Description

  The south cross is also known as the cross of Saints Patrick and Columba because of the inscription on its base. The ringed cross (H 2.7m; Wth 1.25m) has a shaft (dims 0.51m x 0.29m) and stands on a pyramidal base (dims at base 1.45m x 1.3m; H 0.6m) which has a hunting scene on the E face. The worn edges of the cross have roll mouldings, but no frames separate the panels. Panels are listed from the bottom. The E face has representations of Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, the children in the furnace, and Daniel in the lion’s den. The head has interlace with seven bosses at the crux, the sacrifice of Isaac, Saints Paul and Anthony, and David playing a harp. The W side has a crucifixion on the shaft and Christ in majesty on the head. The extremities of the arms have David killing a lion at N and at S, while the top has Centaur (S) and SS Patrick and Columba (?) at N. (Harbison 1992, vol. 1, 108-11) See attached image Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of upload: 2 July, 2014

• ME017-044015 Cross - High cross
  Description

  The west cross is also known as the broken cross. The base (dims at base 1.5m x 1.3m; H 0.83m) supports a shaft (dims 0.77m x 0.46m; H 2.61m) that has on the E face the baptism of Christ, the marriage feast of Cana, the raising of Lazarus, Christ and the adulteress , the presentation of Jesus in the Temple, the three Wise men and Herod (?). The W face has Adam and Eve, Noah’s ark, Moses in Egypt, and Moses with the pillar of fire. The N and S sides have interlace panels. Macalister (1934, 17, 18) read the inscription: Ór do Artgal do rigne I chroisse Muiredaig – ‘Pray for Artgal who made the cross of Muiredach’ running on the E and W faces of the base, but its authenticity is uncertain. (Harbision 1992, vol. 1, 100-03) See the attached image of the E face (001) and images of the arrest of Christ (002) from the E face and Adam and Eve (041) from the W face. Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of upload: 2 July, 2014

• ME017-044016 Cross - High cross
  Description

  The north cross is now just W of the church tower. It is a circular sandstone cross-base (diam. at base 0.75m; H 0.52m) decorated with interlace. (Harbison 1992, vol. 1, 112) Compiled by: Michael Moore Date of upload: 2 July, 2014

And 28 more.

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